...
Table 36. Marine-related ecosystem services flagged in the CICES.
Section | Division | Group | Class | Code |
Provisioning (Biotic) | Biomass | Cultivated aquatic plants for nutrition, materials or energy | Plants cultivated by in- situ aquaculture grown for nutritional purposes | 1.1.2.1 |
Fibres and other materials from in-situ aquaculture for direct use or processing (excluding genetic materials) | 1.1.2.2 | |||
Plants cultivated by in- situ aquaculture grown as an energy source | 1.1.2.3 | |||
Reared aquatic animals for nutrition, materials or energy | Animals reared by in-situ aquaculture for nutritional purposes | 1.1.4.1 | ||
Fibres and other materials from animals grown by in-situ aquaculture for direct use or processing (excluding genetic materials) | 1.1.4.2 | |||
Animals reared by in-situ aquaculture as an energy source | 1.1.4.3 | |||
Wild plants (terrestrial and aquatic) for nutrition, materials or energy | Wild plants (terrestrial and aquatic, including fungi, algae) used for nutrition | 1.1.5.1 | ||
Fibres and other materials from wild plants for direct use or processing (excluding genetic materials) | 1.1.5.2 | |||
Wild plants (terrestrial and aquatic, including fungi, algae) used as a source of energy | 1.1.5.3 | |||
Wild animals (terrestrial and aquatic) used for nutritional purposes | 1.1.6.1 | |||
Fibres and other materials from wild animals for direct use or processing (excluding genetic materials) | 1.1.6.2 | |||
Wild animals (terrestrial and aquatic) used as a source of energy | 1.1.6.3 | |||
Genetic material from all biota (including seed, spore or gamete production) | Genetic material from plants, algae or fungi | Seeds, spores and other plant materials collected for maintaining or establishing a population | 1.2.1.1 | |
Higher and lower plants (whole organisms) used to breed new strains or varieties | 1.2.1.2 | |||
Individual genes extracted from higher and lower plants for the design and construction of new biological entities | 1.2.1.3 | |||
Genetic material from animals | Animal material collected for the purposes of maintaining or establishing a population | 1.2.2.1 | ||
Wild animals (whole organisms) used to breed new strains or varieties | 1.2.2.2 | |||
Individual genes extracted from organisms for the design and construction of new biological entities | 1.2.2.3 | |||
Other types of provisioning service from biotic sources | Other | Other | 1.3.X.X | |
Regulation & Maintenance (Biotic) | Transformation of biochemical or physical inputs to ecosystems | Mediation of wastes or toxic substances of anthropogenic origin by living processes | Bio-remediation by micro-organisms, algae, plants, and animals | 2.1.1.1 |
Filtration/sequestration/storage/accumulation by micro-organisms, algae, plants, and animals | 2.1.1.2 | |||
Mediation of nuisances of anthropogenic origin | Smell reduction | 2.1.2.1 | ||
Visual screening | 2.1.2.3 | |||
Regulation of physical, chemical, biological conditions | Regulation of baseline flows and extreme events | Control of erosion rates | 2.2.1.1 | |
Buffering and attenuation of mass movement | 2.2.1.2 | |||
Hydrological cycle and water flow regulation (Including flood control, and coastal protection) | 2.2.1.3 | |||
Lifecycle maintenance, habitat and gene pool protection | Pollination (or 'gamete' dispersal in a marine context) | 2.2.2.1 | ||
Seed dispersal | 2.2.2.2 | |||
Maintaining nursery populations and habitats (Including gene pool protection) | 2.2.2.3 | |||
Pest and disease control | Pest control (including invasive species) | 2.2.3.1 | ||
Disease control | 2.2.3.2 | |||
Regulation of soil quality | Decomposition and fixing processes and their effect on soil quality | 2.2.4.2 | ||
Water conditions | Regulation of the chemical condition of salt waters by living processes | 2.2.5.2 | ||
Atmospheric composition and conditions | Regulation of chemical composition of atmosphere and oceans | 2.2.6.1 | ||
Regulation of temperature and humidity, including ventilation and transpiration | 2.2.6.2 | |||
Other types of regulation and maintenance service by living processes | Other | Other | 2.3.X.X | |
Cultural (Biotic) | Direct, in-situ and outdoor interactions with living systems that depend on presence in the environmental setting | Physical and experiential interactions with natural environment | Characteristics of living systems that that enable activities promoting health, recuperation or enjoyment through active or immersive interactions | 3.1.1.1 |
Characteristics of living systems that enable activities promoting health, recuperation or enjoyment through passive or observational interactions | 3.1.1.2 | |||
Intellectual and representative interactions with natural environment | Characteristics of living systems that enable scientific investigation or the creation of traditional ecological knowledge | 3.1.2.1 | ||
Characteristics of living systems that enable education and training | 3.1.2.2 | |||
Characteristics of living systems that are resonant in terms of culture or heritage | 3.1.2.3 | |||
Characteristics of living systems that enable aesthetic experiences | 3.1.2.4 | |||
Indirect, remote, often indoor interactions with living systems that do not require presence in the environmental setting | Spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with natural environment | Elements of living systems that have symbolic meaning | 3.2.1.1 | |
Elements of living systems that have sacred or religious meaning | 3.2.1.2 | |||
Elements of living systems used for entertainment or representation | 3.2.1.3 | |||
Other biotic characteristics that have a non-use value | Characteristics or features of living systems that have an existence value | 3.2.2.1 | ||
Characteristics or features of living systems that have an option or bequest value | 3.2.2.2 | |||
Other characteristics of living systems that have cultural significance | Other | Other | 3.3.X.X |
...
Table 37. CICES marine-related abiotic services (not flagged by the CICES, but selected by the authors).
Section | Division | Group | Class | Code |
Provisioning (Abiotic) | Water | Surface water used for nutrition, materials or energy | Surface water used as a material (non-drinking purposes) | 4.2.1.2 |
Coastal and marine water used as energy source | 4.2.1.4 | |||
Other aqueous ecosystem outputs | Other | 4.2.X.X | ||
Non-aqueous natural abiotic ecosystem outputs | Mineral substances used for nutrition, materials or energy | Mineral substances used for nutritional purposes | 4.3.1.1 | |
Mineral substances used for material purposes | 4.3.1.2 | |||
Mineral substances used for as an energy source | 4.3.1.3 | |||
Non-mineral substances or ecosystem properties used for nutrition, materials or energy | Non-mineral substances or ecosystem properties used for nutritional purposes | 4.3.2.1 | ||
Non-mineral substances used for materials | 4.3.2.2 | |||
Wind energy | 4.3.2.3 | |||
Solar energy | 4.3.2.4 | |||
Geothermal | 4.3.2.5 | |||
Other mineral or non-mineral substances or ecosystem properties used for nutrition, materials or energy | Other | 4.3.2.6 | ||
Regulation & Maintenance (Abiotic) | Transformation of biochemical or physical inputs to ecosystems | Mediation of waste, toxics and other nuisances by non-living processes | Dilution by freshwater and marine ecosystems | 5.1.1.1 |
Dilution by atmosphere | 5.1.1.2 | |||
Mediation by other chemical or physical means (e.g. via Filtration, sequestration, storage or accumulation) | 5.1.1.3 | |||
Mediation of nuisances of anthropogenic origin | Mediation of nuisances by abiotic structures or processes | 5.1.2.1 | ||
Regulation of physical, chemical, biological conditions | Regulation of baseline flows and extreme events | Mass flows | 5.2.1.1 | |
Liquid flows | 5.2.1.2 | |||
Gaseous flows | 5.2.1.3 | |||
Maintenance of physical, chemical, abiotic conditions | Maintenance and regulation by inorganic natural chemical and physical processes | 5.2.2.1 | ||
Other type of regulation and maintenance service by abiotic processes | Other | Other | 5.3.X.X | |
Cultural (Abiotic) | Direct, in-situ and outdoor interactions with natural physical systems that depend on presence in the environmental setting | Physical and experiential interactions with natural abiotic components of the environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable active or passive physical and experiential interactions | 6.1.1.1 |
Intellectual and representative interactions with abiotic components of the natural environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable intellectual interactions | 6.1.2.1 | ||
Indirect, remote, often indoor interactions with physical systems that do not require presence in the environmental setting | Spiritual, symbolic and other interactions with the abiotic components of the natural environment | Natural, abiotic characteristics of nature that enable spiritual, symbolic and other interactions | 6.2.1.1 | |
Other abiotic characteristics that have a non-use value | Natural, abiotic characteristics or features of nature that have either an existence, option or bequest value | 6.2.2.1 | ||
Other abiotic characteristics of nature that have cultural significance | Other | Other | 6.3.X.X |
...
Figure 23. Structure of the FEGS/NESCS classification scheme.
...