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There are several internationally recognised marine and coastal ecosystem classifications, where countries begin with existing priority ecosystem types. The IUCN global ecosystem typology is recognised as relevant to Ocean Accounts.
In general terms, ecosystem condition is measured by collating indicators for various characteristics of different ecosystem types (see Appendix 6.10 of Technical Guidance). An understanding of ecosystem condition supports the assessment of their capacity to provide ecosystem services. Linked with the ecosystem extent maps, the assessment of condition will help identify degraded ecosystem assets that would benefit from rehabilitation and/or protection.
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4.1.1 Identifying priority questions for ocean decision-making
An essential step across ocean accounts pilots was strategic planning in preparation for compiling accounts, which identifies the priority questions that should be addressed by an account building exercise. The focus of accounts was informed by national policy targets, which were aligned with international commitments or domestic priorities, in line with the national vision for the ocean (e.g. blue economy strategies or strategic ocean plans, see Global Assessment of Progress on Ocean Accounts). Discerning the use-case priorities for ocean accounts, and the feasibility in addressing these needs may be informed by ‘lessons learnt’ in ocean accounts pilots, and SEEA implementation more broadly.
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One of the most critical factors for the implementation of the Ocean Accounting framework is capacity building, in terms of technical expertise and data accessibility. As environmental-economic approaches are relatively new, some pilot studies reported a lack of training in statistical approaches. Further, due to the spatially-explicit nature of data, other teams lacked geospatial expertise and access to GIS technology. ESCAP provides several training resources on the compilation of SEEA and ocean accounts. Other pilots lacked scientific expertise in the capacity to collect, use, and interpret scientific data.
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Document | Description |
High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy | ‘National Accounting For The Ocean And Ocean Economy’, commissioned by the HLPOcean Panel, highlights the critical role of national accounting in achieving a sustainable ocean economy, and major gaps in how the ocean, ocean services and ocean assets are currently treated in national accounts. It offers four principles for national ocean accounting and discusses methods for measuring and valuing ocean assets and their rise and decline. |
Global Ocean Accounts Partnership (GOAP) document family | The GOAP has produced several knowledge products to promote awareness of the ocean accounts framework and provide guidance in the production and use of ocean accounts. This ‘quick start’ provides a summary ‘frequently asked questions’ arising from the ‘Technical Guidance for Ocean Accounts’. ‘Guidance for Decision Makers’ provides an overview of policy and use-cases in support ocean accounts. The ‘Global Progress Assessment on Ocean Accounting for Sustainable Development’ provides summaries of pilot studies related to the compilation and maintenance of ocean accounts. All documents can be found on the GOAP website or accessed in ‘wiki’ format. |
ESCAP document family | The Regional Ocean Accounts Platform contains ocean accounts knowledge products such as lessons learnt from the compilation and use of ocean accounts, training materials, documentation of pilot studies (Canada, China, Malaysia, Samoa, Thailand and Viet Nam). The platform further hosts a Global Ocean Data Inventory, which includes data on spatial units, ecosystems (extent and condition) and the provision and use of ecosystem services. ESCAP has also provided an assessment of progress on SDG14 data availability and reporting, and Marine Spatial Planning (2009 – 2019) using area-based approaches. ESCAP has also contextualised ocean accounting for disaster resilience, with a further focus on Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS). |
OECD documents | The Ocean Economy in 2030 provides comprehensive overview and assessment of the ocean from an economic perspective including defining an ocean economy and measuring the economic contribution of ocean-based industries.
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