Core Ocean Statistics
Core Ocean Statistics
Goal | Develop a set of core ocean statistics which encompasses a range of biophysical, economic, social, and governance topics. These statistics will collectively define ecosystem condition for the purpose of ocean account building. |
Background
There is a need for a comprehensive list of statistics collectable by all countries that form the basis of ocean accounts and inform on overall ecosystem condition and value.
These topics must be equally weighted in order to connect environmental assets, flows to the environment, flows to the economy, and governance factors related to the ecosystem in question and provide decision-making capabilities to the ocean account end-user.
Challenges
What are the key, minimum set of core ocean statistics that should be evaluated which captures ecosystem condition, services, and management (governance)?
How do we ensure these core ocean statistics maintain a strong power of prediction when considering an account will include several different environment types within the domain (country, municipality, etc.) of interest?
Can we link these measures back to the SEEA framework and other well-known account structures?
Proposed solutions
We outline a set of 30 Core Ocean Statistics that are organized by the factors laid out in Figure 1 of the Technical Guidance Manual and detailed in Appendix 6.10. These include Environmental Assets, Flows to the Environment, Flows to the Economy, and Governance.
These statistics are collectable by most countries or accessible on historical online data platforms (Table 1).
The statistics (variables, indexes, indicators, and other data types) underpinning each topic will need to be environment-type (ET) specific to ensure the highest power of prediction and be informative at the overall total ecosystem level.
We propose the specific core ocean statistics for eight different environment types: Coral Reefs, Mangroves, Kelp Forests, Seagrasses, Estuaries/Salt Marshes, Sediment, and Open Ocean (Tables 2 – 9).
Statistics will be further refined over the course of several focused workshops with scientists, economists, and statisticians with expertise specific to each environment type.
Rationale
Statistics were chosen from a policy demand point of view and, together, define the most significant aspects of ecosystem condition with respect to economic value and effective management.
Statistics were chosen with consideration towards feasible reproducibility, strong background in the literature in being informative to specific environment types and having preestablished connections between environment condition and value.
Measuring these statistics collectively provides strength to decision making processes because they reflect the best and most recent available approaches that define not only environment condition, but the flows between the environment and the economy and the parameters needed to determine if governance policies are effectively managing these flows and conditions.
The real-time feedback from continuously measuring statistics which collectively inform on condition, flow, and governance provides a strong foundation to enhance policy making decisions regarding a country’s ocean economy.
Core Ocean Statistics Tables
Table 1: Core Ocean Statistics
Environmental Assets | Technical Guidance Reference |
Condition |
|
Biodiversity | 1.3.4 |
Ecosystem Extent | 1.3.4 |
Ecosystem Fitness | 1.3.3 |
Biogeochemical Cycling | 1.3.3 |
Physiochemical Status | 1.3.3 |
Carbon Stock | 1.3.3 |
Resources |
|
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources (Vertebrates) | 2.3.4, 2.9.2 |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | 2.3.4, 2.9.2 |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources (Vertebrates) | 2.3.4 |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | 2.3.4 |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | 2.3.4 |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) |
|
Regulation |
|
Carbon Storage | 2.4.4 |
Coastal Protection | 3.4 |
Erosion Control | 3.4 |
Water Purification | 3.5 |
Nutrient Cycling | 3.5 |
Waste Remediation | 3.5 |
Pollutant Remediation | 3.5 |
Provisioning |
|
Maintenance of Fisheries | 4.2.3 |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | 4.2.3 |
Raw Materials Extracted | 2.4.2 |
Cultural |
|
Tourism/Recreation | 2.4.2, 3.6.2 |
Education/Research | 2.4.2 |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | 2.4.2 |
Ecosystem Governance |
|
Regulation | 2.7.1 |
Enforcement | 2.7.1 |
Restoration/Conservation | 2.7.1 |
Mitigation | 2.7.1 |
Gross Value Added (GVA) | 2.8.1 |
Expenditure | 2.8.3 |
Table 2: Coral Reef Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Coral Reefs | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Coral diversity (benthic surveys) |
| Coral abundance (benthic surveys) |
Ecosystem Extent | Coral coverage (satellite data) |
| Total reef area (satellite data) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Production: Respiration Ratio |
| Net Accretion Rate |
| Total Alkalinity/DIC Slope |
| Ratio of Coral: Algae Cover |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Reef water flow velocity |
| Total Alkalinity |
| Offshore: Inshore pCO2 ratio |
| Aragonite Saturation State |
| Dissolved Oxygen Concentration |
| Daily change in pH (ΔpH total scale) |
Physiochemical Quality | Sea Surface Temperature |
| Mean Sea Level |
| Salinity |
Carbon Stock | Offshore: Inshore Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Ratio |
| Light availability |
| Coral coverage (satellite data) |
| Sediment: Coral Ratio |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Subsistence Fishing Catch |
(Vertebrates) | Recreational Fishing Catch |
| Commercial Fishing Catch |
| Ornamental Aquarium Fish Export |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Echinoderm Catch |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Gastropod Catch |
| Ornamental Aquarium Coral Export |
| Gross Bivalve Catch |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Pelagic Fish Reared |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Reef Fish Reared |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Coral Cultured |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Algae Grown |
| Gross Shellfish Cultured (incl. pearl trade) |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Calcium Harvested |
| Minerals/Oils Extracted |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Light availability |
Coastal Protection | Coral Species Composition (Branching vs. Mounding) |
| Reef length/distance |
| Mean Water depth |
| Mean Wave Height |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Sea Level Rise Rate |
| Terrestrial Sediment Deposition Rate |
| Reef slope to lagoon sediment transition rate |
Water Purification | Sediment Organic Carbon: Nitrogen Ratio |
| Benthic coral: algae cover ratio |
Nutrient Cycling | Benthic algae cover |
| Sediment cover |
| Ratio of Nitrate: Ammonium |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Plastic Pollutant Load |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Land-based Fertilizer Use |
| POC/PON Concentrations |
| Ciguatera Presence |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Surveys (Abundance/Diversity) |
| Catch Rate |
| Coral Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
Raw Materials Extracted | Value of Coral Sand Extracted |
| Value of Guano Extracted |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Swimmable Area (Lagoon Size) |
| Underwater Tourism |
| Nautical Tourism |
| Surfing/Boardsport Tourism |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (Vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 3: Mangrove Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Mangroves | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Enhanced Vegetation Index (MODIS Imaging) |
| Phytoplankton Abundance/Diversity |
Ecosystem Extent | Percent Tree Cover (MODIS Imaging) |
| Total Mangrove Area (satellite imaging) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Percent Tree Cover |
| Leaf Area Index |
| Chlorophyll Absorption (Hyperspectral Imaging) |
| Soil Carbon |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Soil Nitrogen |
| Turbidity |
| Sediment Accumulation: Sea Level Rise |
| Particulate/Dissolved Organic C:N |
| Daily change in Dissolved Oxygen (ΔDO) |
| Soil: Seawater pH ratio |
Physiochemical Quality | Mean Sea Level |
| Tidal Regime |
| Salinity |
Carbon Stock | Methane Flux |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Sedimentation Rate (Mud Content) |
| Canopy Area Cover (Landsat Images) |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross planktivorous fish catch |
(Vertebrates) | Gross piscivorous fish catch |
| Bird abundance/diversity |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Mangrove Removal |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Macrobenthic Community (Sponges, polychaetes) |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Piscivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Oyster Aquaculture |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Shrimp Aquaculture |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Charcoal Harvested |
| Fuelwood Harvested |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Vegetation Type/Density |
Coastal Protection | Sediment Elevation Rate |
| Mangrove Mean Age |
| Mean Sea Level |
| Tidal Height |
| Geomorphic Settings |
Erosion Control | Distance to Human Settlement |
| Sea level rise |
| Vegetation Type/Density |
Water Purification | Mangrove Cover/Distance |
| Sediment Quality |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Mangrove quality and area |
| Mangrove Root Length (aerial exposure) |
| Adjacent Farming Development |
| Shrimp Pond Development |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations |
| Trace Metal Concentrations |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Surveys |
| Catch Rate |
| Time Spent Fishing |
| Shrimp/Shrimp Fry |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
Raw Materials Extracted | Fuelwood |
| Value of Charcoal |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Mangrove Area/Lagoon Size |
| Distance to Human Settlement |
| Tourism Generated Income |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
| Education Level |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Distance to Industry/Ports |
| Biomass Restocked |
| Post-restoration care |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 4: Kelp Forest Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Kelp Forest | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Predator Reef Fish Abundance |
| Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity |
Ecosystem Extent | Kelp Canopy Biomass (Landsat) |
| Total Kelp Forest Area (Satellite) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Availability of Drift Algae |
| Turf Algae Abundance |
| Urchin Grazing Intensity |
| Ratio of Invasive: Natural kelp species |
| Juvenile Kelp Recruitment Rate |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Nitrate Concentration |
| Ammonium Concentration |
| Kelp Growth Rate |
| Dissolved Oxygen Concentration |
| C13 Stable Isotopes |
| N15 Stable Isotopes |
Physiochemical Quality | Temperature |
| Light availability |
| Salinity |
Carbon Stock | Light availability |
| Carbon Storage |
| Kelp Forest Biomass |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross fish catch - line |
(Vertebrates) | Gross fish catch - trap |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Urchin abundance |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Abalone abundance |
| Lobster abundance |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Piscivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish grown |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Macroalgae Harvested |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Alginate Extraction |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Light Availability |
| Kelp Biomass |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Coastal Protection | Coastal geomorphology |
| Kelp Canopy Density |
| Wave fetch |
| Abundance of Urchins (and removed) |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Localized Hydrodynamics |
| Distance to Metropolitan Area |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Water Purification | Kelp/Macroalgae Abundance |
| Light Availability |
Nutrient Cycling | Kelp Growth Rate |
| Standing Stock of Carbon |
| Light availability |
Waste Remediation | Ratio of Turf:Macroalgae |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Fish Farm Runoff |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Surveys |
| Catch Rate |
| Catch Per Unit Effort |
| Kelp Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Macroalgae |
Raw Materials Extracted | Alginate Extraction |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Kelp Persistence |
| Scuba Diving Frequency |
| Spatial coverage of Marine Protected Area |
| Recreational Fisheries |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Transplant costs |
| Invasive Species Abundance |
| Fish Biomass |
| Number/Size of Marine Protected Areas |
Mitigation | Area/Abundance of Urchins Removed |
| Area Restored with Kelp |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 5: Seagrass Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Seagrasses | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Seagrass cover (Satellite imaging) |
| Seagrass diversity/abundance (benthic surveys) |
| Megafauna Abundance Counts (ex: Dugongs) |
Ecosystem Extent | Seagrass/Vegetation Cover (satellite) |
| Total Area of Saline High Tide Extent (satellite) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Vegetation Type (Species Diversity) |
| Seagrass Density (per m2) |
| Sedimentation Rate |
| Plant Height |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Sediment Redox Potential (mV) |
| Dissolved Organic Carbon Release Rate |
| Inundation Depth |
| C:N Sediment ratios |
| Production: Respiration Ratio (per m2) |
| Freshwater Input Rate (ΔSalinity) |
Physiochemical Quality | Water Temperature |
| Light Availability |
| Salinity |
Carbon Stock | Nitrification Rate |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Total Water Storage (per m2) |
| Total Organic Carbon (per m2) |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Artisanal Fishery Catch |
(Vertebrates) | Commercial Fishery Catch |
| Recreational Fish Catch |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Harvested |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Shrimp Harvested |
| Gross Seagrass Harvested |
| Gross Crab Harvested |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) |
|
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Grown |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Shrimp Grown |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Agricultural Services |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Vegetation Cover |
| Seagrass Blade Length |
Coastal Protection | Sedimentation Rate |
| Tidal Range |
| Water Table Height |
| Rooted Plant Cover |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Fluvial sediment deposition |
| Sea level rise |
| Growth Form: Submerged |
Water Purification | Aquatic Plant Leaf Size |
| Sediment/Nutrient Load |
| Root Type |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Fish/Shrimp Farm Wastewater Discharge Rate |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Sewage Waste Concentrations |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Prey Fish Abundance |
| Hydrodynamic Conditions |
| Primary Productivity Rate (Chl a) |
| Vegetation Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
Raw Materials Extracted | Agricultural Products |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Accessible Area for Recreation |
| Water Quality |
| Marine Mammal Tourism |
| Abundance of Visually attractive flora |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
| Habitat quality and area |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (Vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 6: Salt Marsh and Estuary Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Salt Marshes and Estuaries | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Healthy Predator Populations |
| Prey Fish Abundance |
Ecosystem Extent | Seagrass/Vegetation Cover |
| Total Area of Saline High Tide Extent (satellite) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Vegetation Type |
| Seagrass Abundance/Cover |
| Plant Height |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Sediment Redox Potential |
| Hypersalinity |
| Inundation Depth |
| C:N Sediment ratios |
| Submerged Plant Growth Form |
Physiochemical Quality | Water Temperature |
| Light Availability |
| Salinity |
Carbon Stock | Nitrification Rate |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Total Water Storage |
| Total Organic Carbon |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Artisanal Fishery Catch |
(Vertebrates) | Commercial Fishery Catch |
| Recreational Fish Catch |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Harvested |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Shrimp Harvested |
| Gross Crab Harvested |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) |
|
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Grown |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
|
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Agricultural Services |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Vegetation Cover |
| Aquatic Plant Leaf Size |
Coastal Protection | Coastal geomorphology |
| Tidal Range |
| Water Table Height |
| Rooted Plant Cover |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Fluvial sediment deposition |
| Sea level rise |
| Growth Form: Submerged |
Water Purification | Aquatic Plant Leaf Size |
| Sediment/Nutrient Load |
| Root Type |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Sewage Waste Concentrations |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Prey Fish Abundance |
| Hydrodynamic Conditions |
| Primary Productivity Rate (Chl a) |
| Vegetation Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
Raw Materials Extracted | Agricultural Products |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Accessible Area for Recreation |
| Water Quality |
| Marine Mammal Tourism |
| Abundance of Visually attractive flora |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
| Habitat quality and area |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (Vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 7: Sediment Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Sediment | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Benthic Microbial Community |
| Fish Diversity |
| Infaunal Invertebrate Diversity |
Ecosystem Extent | Total Area of Soft Bottom/Sediment (Satellite) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Production: Respiration Ratio |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
| Sediment Oxygen Profile |
| Nitrification Rate |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Nitrate Concentration |
| Sulphate Concentration |
| Sediment Redox Potential |
| Particulate/Dissolved Organic C:N |
| Dissolved Oxygen |
| pH (total scale) |
Physiochemical Quality | Water Temperature |
| Salinity |
| Mean Sea Level |
Carbon Stock | Benthic Production: Respiration Ratio |
| Sediment Permeability |
| Light Availability/Turbidity |
| Average Sea State |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross benthic fish catch |
(Vertebrates) | Gross infaunal fish catch |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Sea Cucumber Harvested |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Shellfish Harvested |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Piscivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish grown |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
|
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Sand Harvested |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Sequestration | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Sediment Permeability |
| Light availability |
Coastal Protection | Coastal geomorphology |
| Tidal Range |
| Water Table Height |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Fluvial sediment deposition |
| Sea level rise |
| Area of physical structure |
Water Purification | Microphytobenthic composition |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Plastic Pollutant Load |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| PCB Concentrations |
| Trace Metal Concentrations |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Surveys |
| Catch Rate |
| Catch Per Unit Effort |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates |
Raw Materials Extracted | Value of Sand |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Accessible Area for Recreation |
| Water Quality |
| Tourism Generated Income |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
| Habitat quality and area |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (Vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |
Table 8: Open Ocean Ecosystems
Ecosystem Type: Open Ocean | |
Category | Statistic |
Environmental Assets | |
Condition | |
Biodiversity | Megafauna Abundance/Diversity |
| Fish Diversity |
| Plankton abundance |
Ecosystem Extent | Total area defined as open ocean (satellite) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Chlorophyll a concentration |
| Biological Pump Rate |
| Turbidity/Light availability |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Thermocline |
| Pycnocline |
| Vertical Profile: Oxygen |
| Vertical Profile: Nitrate |
| Vertical Profile: pH |
| Vertical Profile: DIC |
Physiochemical Quality | Sea Surface Temperature |
| Sea Surface Salinity |
| Mean Sea Level |
Carbon Sequestration | Plankton Abundance |
| Chlorophyll a Concentration |
| Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Profile |
| Average Sea State |
Resources | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross pelagic fish catch |
(Vertebrates) | Gross piscivorous fish catch |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross shrimp catch |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross squid catch |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Pelagic Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) |
|
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Grown |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Gross Shrimp Grown |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Oil/Petroleum Harvested |
| Energy Generated |
Flows to the Economy (Ocean Services) | |
Regulation | |
Carbon Storage | Average Sea State |
| Chlorophyll a (Satellite) |
| SST (Satellite) |
Coastal Protection | Mean Sea Level |
| Hydrodynamic Barrier Area |
Erosion Control | Water Column Sedimentation Rates |
Water Purification | Plankton Abundance |
| Chlorophyll a Concentration |
Nutrient Cycling | Biological Pump Rate |
| Chlorophyll a Concentration (satellite) |
| Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Profile |
Waste Remediation | Water Column PON |
| Water Column POC |
| Plastic Pollutant Load |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Microplastic Concentrations |
| Large Plastic Concentrations |
Provisioning | |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Surveys |
| Catch Rate |
| Catch Per Unit Effort |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates |
Raw Materials Extracted | Energy Generated |
| Oil/Petroleum Extracted |
Cultural | |
Tourism/Recreation | Accessible Area for Recreation |
| Water Quality |
| Tourism Generated Income |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ecosystem Governance | |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area of Hydrodynamic Barriers |
GVA | TBD |
Expenditure | TBD |