Appendix 6.10 Core ocean statistics for key ecosystem types
- Jordan Gacutan
- Coulson Lantz
Table 42. Coral Reef ecosystem core statistics
Ecosystem Type: Coral Reefs | |
Category | Statistic |
Ocean Assets |
|
Condition | Overall condition statistics |
Biodiversity | Coral coverage (satellite data) |
| Hermatypic coral abundance (in-situ) |
| Hermatypic coral diversity (in-situ) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Production: Respiration Ratio |
| Net Accretion Rate |
| Total Alkalinity/DIC Slope |
| Reef water flow velocity |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Nitrate concentration |
| Total Alkalinity |
| Offshore: Inshore DIC ratio |
| Aragonite Saturation State |
| Dissolved Oxygen |
| pH (total scale) |
Physiochemical Quality | Temperature |
| Mean Sea Level |
| Salinity |
Greenhouse Gas Retention | Dissolved Inorganic Nutrient Concentration |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Coral coverage (satellite data) |
| Sediment: Hard Coral Ratio |
Stock | Overall stock statistics |
Ecosystem Extent | Coral coverage (satellite data) |
Total reef area (satellite data) | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Stocks of Subsistence Fish |
(Vertebrates) | Stocks of Recreational Fish |
| Stocks of Commercial Fish |
| Stocks of Ornamental Aquarium Fish |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Stocks of Echinoderms |
(Invertebrates, Algae, Plants) | Stocks of Gastropods |
| Stocks of Ornamental Aquarium Coral for Export |
| Stocks of Bivalves |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Pelagic Fish Reared |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Reef Fish Reared |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Coral Cultured |
(Invertebrates) | Gross Algae Grown |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Calcium Available for Harvest |
| Minerals/Oils Available for Extraction |
Ocean Services |
|
Regulating | Conditions affecting flow of service |
Greenhouse Gas Sequestration | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Light availability |
| Coral Cover |
Coastal Protection | Coral Species |
| Reef length/distance |
| Water depth |
| Mean Wave Height |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Sea Level Rise Rate |
| Terrestrial Sediment Deposition Rate |
| Reef slope to lagoon sediment deposition rate |
Water Purification | Sediment Organic Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio |
| Benthic coral:algae cover ratio |
Nutrient Cycling | Benthic algae cover |
| Sediment cover |
| Ratio of Nitrate:Ammonium |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Plastic Pollutant Load |
| Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| POC/PON Concentrations |
| Ciguatera Presence |
Provisioning | Conditions affecting flow of services/economic values |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish catch and value |
| Coral Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates |
Raw Materials Extracted | Value of Coral Sand Extracted |
| Value of Guano Extracted |
Cultural | Service levels and values |
Tourism/Recreation | Swimmable Area (Lagoon Size) |
| Underwater Tourism |
| Nautical Tourism |
| Surfing/Recreational Tourism |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ocean Governance | Activities, status, expenditures and value statistics |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (invertebrates) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
Gross value added by sector | Gross value added of all Ocean Services by sector |
Expenditure | Expenditures on environmental protection and maintenance |
Table 43. Mangrove ecosystem core statistics
Ecosystem Type: Mangroves | |
Category | Statistic |
Ocean Assets |
|
Condition | Overall condition statistics |
Biodiversity | Enhanced Vegetation Index (MODIS Imaging) |
| Percent Tree Cover (MODIS Imaging) |
| Phytoplankton Abundance/Diversity |
Ecosystem Fitness | Percent Tree Cover |
| Leaf Area Index |
| Chlorophyll Absorption (Hyperspectral Imaging) |
| Soil Carbon |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Soil Nitrogen |
| Turbidity |
| Sediment Accumulation:Sea Level Rise |
| Particulate/Dissolved Organic C:N |
| Dissolved Oxygen |
| Soil and Water pH |
Physiochemical Quality | Mean Sea Level |
| Tidal Regime |
| Salinity |
Greenhouse Gas Retention | Methane Flux |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Sedimentation Rate (Mud Content) |
| Canopy Area Cover (Landsat Images) |
Stock | Overall stock statistics |
Ecosystem Extent | Percent Tree Cover (MODIS Imaging) |
Total Mangrove Area (satellite imaging) | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Stocks of planktivorous fish |
(Vertebrates) | Stocks of piscivorous fish |
| Bird abundance/diversity |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Mangrove Removal |
(Invertebrates) | Macrobenthic Community (Sponges, polychaetes) |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Piscivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Oyster Aquaculture |
(Invertebrates) | Shrimp Aquaculture |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Charcoal Available for Harvest |
| Fuelwood Available for Harvest |
Ocean Services (Flows to the Economy) |
|
Regulating | Conditions affecting flow of service |
Greenhouse Gas Sequestration | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Vegetation Type/Density |
Coastal Protection | Sediment Elevation Rate |
| Mangrove Mean Age |
| Mean Sea Level |
| Tidal Height |
| Geomorphic Settings |
Erosion Control | Distance to Human Settlement |
| Sea level rise |
| Vegetation Type/Density |
Water Purification | Mangrove Cover/Distance |
| Sediment Quality |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulfate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Mangrove quality and area |
| Mangrove Root Length (aerial exposure) |
| Adjacent Farming Development |
| Shrimp Pond Development |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Dissolved Nutrient Concentrations |
| Trace Metal Concentrations |
Provisioning | Conditions affecting flow of service/economic values |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Catch and value |
| Time Spent Fishing |
| Shrimp/Shrimp Fry Caught |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates |
Raw Materials Extracted | Fuelwood Harvested and Value |
| Charcoal Harvested and Value |
Cultural | Service levels and values |
Tourism/Recreation | Mangrove Area/Lagoon Size |
| Distance to Human Settlement |
| Tourism Generated Income |
| Recreation Generated Income |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
| Education Level |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ocean Governance | Activities, status, expenditures and value statistics |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Distance to Industry/Ports |
| Biomass Restocked |
| Post-restoration care |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
Gross value added by sector | Gross value added of all Ocean Services by sector |
Expenditure | Expenditures on environmental protection and maintenance |
Table 44. Kelp Forest ecosystem core statistics
Ecosystem Type: Kelp Forest | |
Category | Statistic |
Ocean Assets |
|
Condition | Overall condition statistics |
Biodiversity | Macroalgae Species Richness |
| Kelp Canopy Biomass (in-situ) |
| Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity |
Ecosystem Fitness | Availability of Drift Algae |
| Turf Algae Abundance |
| Urchin Grazing Intensity |
| Ratio of Invasive: Natural kelp species |
| Juvenile Kelp Recruitment Rate |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Nitrate Concentration |
| Ammonium Concentration |
| Kelp Growth Rate |
| Dissolved Oxygen Concentration |
| C13 Stable Isotopes |
| N15 Stable Isotopes |
Physiochemical Quality | Temperature |
| Light availability |
| Salinity |
Greenhouse Gas Retention | Light availability |
| Carbon Storage |
| Kelp Forest Biomass |
Stock | Overall stock statistics |
Ecosystem Extent | Kelp Canopy Cover (in-situ) |
| Total Kelp Forest Area (Satellite) |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Fish stocks |
(Vertebrates) | – |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Urchin abundance |
(Invertebrates) | Abalone abundance |
| Lobster abundance |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Piscivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish grown |
(Invertebrates) | Gross Macroalgae Available for Harvested |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Alginate Available for Extraction |
Ocean Services (Flows to the Economy) |
|
Regulating | Conditions affecting flow of service |
Greenhouse Gas Sequestration | Light Availability |
| Kelp Biomass |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Coastal Protection | Coastal geomorphology |
| Kelp Canopy Density |
| Wave fetch |
| Abundance of Urchins (and removed) |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Localized Hydrodynamics |
| Distance to Metropolitan Area |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Water Purification | Kelp/Macroalgae Abundance |
| Light Availability |
Nutrient Cycling | Kelp Growth Rate |
| Standing Stock of Carbon |
| Light availability |
Waste Remediation | Ratio of Turf:Macroalgae |
| Kelp Canopy Cover |
Pollutant Remediation | Fertilizer Concentrations |
| Fish Farm Runoff |
Provisioning | Conditions affecting flow of service/economic values |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Fish Catch and Value |
| Catch Per Unit Effort |
| Kelp Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Macroalgae |
Raw Materials Extracted | Alginate Extracted |
Cultural | Service levels and values |
Tourism/Recreation | Kelp Persistence |
| Scuba Diving Frequency |
| Spatial coverage of Marine Protected Area |
| Recreational Fisheries |
Education/Research | Net Expense on Research |
| Net Expense on Education |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous | Cultural Heritage Area |
Ocean Governance | Activities, status, expenditures and value statistics |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Transplant costs |
| Invasive Species Abundance |
| Fish Biomass |
| Number/Size of Marine Protected Areas |
Mitigation | Area/Abundance of Urchins Removed |
| Area Restored with Kelp |
Gross value added by sector | Gross value added of all Ocean Services by sector |
Expenditure | Expenditures on environmental protection and maintenance |
Table 45. Seagrass ecosystem core statistics
Ecosystem Type: Seagrasses | |
Category | Statistic |
Ocean Assets |
|
Condition | Overall condition measures |
Biodiversity | Seagrass cover (Satellite imaging) |
| Seagrass diversity/abundance (benthic surveys) |
| Megafauna Abundance Counts (ex: Dugongs) |
Ecosystem Fitness | Vegetation Type (Species Diversity) |
| Seagrass Density (per m2) |
| Sedimentation Rate |
Biogeochemical Cycling | Sediment Redox Potential (mV) |
| Dissolved Organic Carbon Release Rate |
| Inundation Depth |
| C:N Sediment ratios |
| Production: Respiration Ratio (per m2) |
Physiochemical Quality | Water Temperature |
| Light Availability |
| Salinity |
Greenhouse Gas Retention | Nitrification Rate |
| Carbon Dioxide Flux |
| Total Water Storage (per m2) |
| Total Organic Carbon (per m2) |
Stock | Overall stock statistics |
Ecosystem Extent | Seagrass/Vegetation Cover (satellite) |
Total Area of Saline High Tide Extent (satellite) | |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Artisanal Fishery Catch |
(Vertebrates) | Commercial Fishery Catch |
| Recreational Fish Catch |
Stock of Natural Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Harvested |
(Invertebrates) | Gross Shrimp Harvested |
| Gross Seagrass Harvested |
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Planktivorous Fish Grown |
(Vertebrates) |
|
Stock of Cultivated Aquatic Resources | Gross Shellfish Grown |
(Invertebrates) | Gross Shrimp Grown |
Stock of Abiotic Resources | Agricultural Services |
Ocean Services (Flows to the Economy) |
|
Regulating | Conditions affecting flow of service |
Greenhouse Gas Sequestration | Coastal geomorphology |
| Sediment deposition rate |
| Vegetation Cover |
| Seagrass Blade Length |
Coastal Protection | Sedimentation Rate |
| Tidal Range |
| Water Table Height |
| Rooted Plant Cover |
| Storm Frequency |
Erosion Control | Fluvial sediment deposition |
| Sea level rise |
| Growth Form: Submerged |
Water Purification | Aquatic Plant Leaf Size |
| Sediment/Nutrient Load |
| Root Type |
Nutrient Cycling | Nitrification Rate |
| Biological Oxygen Demand |
| Sulphate Reduction Rate |
Waste Remediation | Sediment Organic Carbon Content |
| Sediment Organic Nitrogen Content |
| Fish/Shrimp Farm Wastewater Discharge Rate |
Pollutant Remediation | Terrestrial Runoff Rate |
| Fertilizer Concentrations |
Provisioning | Conditions affecting flow of service/economic value |
Maintenance of Fisheries | Prey Fish Abundance |
| Hydrodynamic Conditions |
| Primary Productivity Rate (Chl a) |
| Vegetation Cover |
Cultivated Resources Extracted | Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
| Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
Raw Materials Extracted | Agricultural Products |
Cultural | Service levels and values |
Tourism/Recreation | Prey Fish Abundance |
| Hydrodynamic Conditions |
| Primary Productivity Rate (Chl a) |
| Vegetation Cover |
| Value of Cultivated Vertebrates |
Education/Research | Value of Cultivated Invertebrates, Algae, Plants |
| Agricultural Products |
| Prey Fish Abundance |
Religious/Spiritual/Indigenous |
|
Ocean Governance | Activities, status, expenditures and value statistics |
Regulation | License Fees/Taxes |
| Taxes on Cultivated Resources |
| Taxes on Natural Resources |
Enforcement | Permit Income |
| Penalties/Fines |
Restoration/Conservation | Area Conserved (no take) |
| Area Conserved (recreational take only) |
| Biomass Restocked (vertebrates) |
| Biomass Restocked (invertebrates) |
Mitigation | Length of Engineered Coastal Barriers |
| Area Geoengineered |
Gross value added by sector | Gross value added of all Ocean Services by sector |
Expenditure | Expenditures on environmental protection and maintenance |