Appendix 6.10 Core ocean statistics for key ecosystem types

Table 42. Coral Reef ecosystem core statistics

Table 43. Mangrove ecosystem core statistics

Table 44. Kelp Forest ecosystem core statistics

Table 45. Seagrass ecosystem core statistics

Table 46. Salt Marsh and Estuary ecosystem core statistics

Table 47. Sediment ecosystem core statistics

Table 48. Open Ocean ecosystem core statistics

References for Core Ocean Statistics

Coral Reef Ecosystems

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Mangrove Ecosystems

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Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L. L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., Masek, J., & Duke, N. (2011). Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x

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Holguin, G., Gonzalez-Zamorano, P., de-Bashan, L. E., Mendoza, R., Amador, E., & Bashan, Y. (2006). Mangrove health in an arid environment encroached by urban development-a case study. Science of the Total Environment, 363(1–3), 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.026

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Kairo, J. G., Wanjiru, C., & Ochiewo, J. (2009). Net pay: Economic analysis of a replanted mangrove plantation in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 28(3–5), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549810902791523

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Kamali, B., & Hashim, R. (2011). Mangrove restoration without planting. Ecological Engineering, 37(2), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.025

Kibria, A. S. M. G., Costanza, R., Groves, C., & Behie, A. M. (2018). The interactions between livelihood capitals and access of local communities to the forest provisioning services of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh. Ecosystem Services, 32, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.05.003

Kodikara, K. A. S., Mukherjee, N., Jayatissa, L. P., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., & Koedam, N. (2017). Have mangrove restoration projects worked? An in-depth study in Sri Lanka. Restoration Ecology, 25(5), 705–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12492

Lovelock, C. E., Ball, M. C., Martin, K. C., & C. Feller, I. (2009). Nutrient Enrichment Increases Mortality of Mangroves. PLoS ONE, 4(5), e5600. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005600

Lovelock, C. E., & Brown, B. M. (2019). Land tenure considerations are key to successful mangrove restoration. In Nature Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 3, Issue 8, p. 1135). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0942-y

M. Brander, L., J. Wagtendonk, A., S. Hussain, S., McVittie, A., Verburg, P. H., de Groot, R. S., & van der Ploeg, S. (2012). Ecosystem service values for mangroves in Southeast Asia: A meta-analysis and value transfer application. Ecosystem Services, 1(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.06.003

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Peng, Y., Chen, G., Li, S., Liu, Y., & Pernetta, J. C. (2013). Use of degraded coastal wetland in an integrated mangrove-aquaculture system: A case study from the South China Sea. Ocean and Coastal Management, 85, 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.04.008

Samonte-Tan, G. P. B., White, A. T., Tercero, M. A., Diviva, J., Tabara, E., & Caballes, C. (2007). Economic valuation of coastal and marine resources: Bohol Marine Triangle, Philippines. Coastal Management, 35(2–3), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920750601169634

Sathirathai, S., & Barbier, E. B. (2001). Valuing mangrove conservation in Southern Thailand. Contemporary Economic Policy, 19(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00054.x

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Vaghela, B. N., Parmar, M. G., Solanki, H. A., Kansara, B. B., Prajapati, S. K., & Kalubarme, M. H. (2018). Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Approach for Mangrove Health Assessment using Geo-informatics Technology. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 5(2), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.412511

Zhang, C., Kovacs, J., Liu, Y., Flores-Verdugo, F., & Flores-de-Santiago, F. (2014). Separating Mangrove Species and Conditions Using Laboratory Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of a Degraded Mangrove Forest of the Mexican Pacific. Remote Sensing, 6(12), 11673–11688. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs61211673

Kelp Forest Ecosystems

Araújo, R. M., Assis, J., Aguillar, R., Airoldi, L., Bárbara, I., Bartsch, I., Bekkby, T., Christie, H., Davoult, D., Derrien-Courtel, S., Fernandez, C., Fredriksen, S., Gevaert, F., Gundersen, H., Le Gal, A., Lévêque, L., Mieszkowska, N., Norderhaug, K. M., Oliveira, P., … Sousa-Pinto, I. (2016). Status, trends and drivers of kelp forests in Europe: an expert assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25(7), 1319–1348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1141-7

Bearham, D., Vanderklift, M., & Gunson, J. (2013). Temperature and light explain spatial variation in growth and productivity of the kelp Ecklonia radiata. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 476, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10148

Bell, T. W., Allen, J. G., Cavanaugh, K. C., & Siegel, D. A. (2020). Three decades of variability in California’s giant kelp forests from the Landsat satellites. Remote Sensing of Environment, 238, 110811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.06.039

Bennett, S., Wernberg, T., Connell, S. D., Hobday, A. J., Johnson, C. R., & Poloczanska, E. S. (2016). The “Great Southern Reef”: Social, ecological and economic value of Australia’s neglected kelp forests. Marine and Freshwater Research, 67(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15232

Blamey, L. K., & Bolton, J. J. (2018). The economic value of South African kelp forests and temperate reefs: Past, present and future. Journal of Marine Systems, 188, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2017.06.003

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Smale, D. A., Burrows, M. T., Evans, A. J., King, N., Sayer, M. D. J., Yunnie, A. L. E., & Moore, P. J. (2016). Linking environmental variables with regionalscale variability in ecological structure and standing stock of carbon within UK kelp forests. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 542, 79–95. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11544

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Seagrass, Estuary and Salt Marsh Ecosystems

Barbier, E. B. (2015). Valuing the storm protection service of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Ecosystem Services, 11, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.06.010

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Bell, F. W. (1997). The economic valuation of saltwater marsh supporting marine recreational fishing in the southeastern United States. Ecological Economics, 21(3), 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(96)00105-X

Birol, E., & Cox, V. (2007). Using choice experiments to design wetland management programmes: The case of Severn Estuary Wetland, UK. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(3), 363–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560701261661

Boxall, P. C., Adamowicz, W. L., Olar, M., West, G. E., & Cantin, G. (2012). Analysis of the economic benefits associated with the recovery of threatened marine mammal species in the Canadian St. Lawrence Estuary. Marine Policy, 36(1), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.05.003

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Freeman, A. M. (1991). Valuing environmental resources under alternative management regimes. Ecological Economics, 3(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(91)90035-D

GarcíA-Llorente, M., MartíN-López, B., Díaz, S., & Montes, C. (2011). Can ecosystem properties be fully translated into service values? an economic valuation of aquatic plant services. Ecological Applications, 21(8), 3083–3103. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1744.1

Ghermandi, A., Nunes, P. A. L. D., Portela, R., Nalini, R., & Teelucksingh, S. S. (2011). Recreational, Cultural and Aesthetic Services from Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1532803

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Hosack, G. R., Dumbauld, B. R., Ruesink, J. L., & Armstrong, D. A. (2006). Habitat associations of estuarine species: Comparisons of intertidal mudflat, seagrass (Zostera marina), and oyster (Crassostrea gigas) habitats. Estuaries and Coasts, 29(6), 1150–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02781816

Howarth, R. W. (1998). An assessment of human influences on fluxes of nitrogen from the terrestrial landscape to the estuaries and continental shelves of the North Atlantic Ocean. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 52(2–3), 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009784210657

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King, S. E., & Lester, J. N. (1995). The value of salt marsh as a sea defence. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30(3), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)00173-7

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Lacoul, P., & Freedman, B. (2006). Environmental influences on aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems. In Environmental Reviews (Vol. 14, Issue 2, pp. 89–136). NRC Research Press Ottawa, Canada . https://doi.org/10.1139/A06-001

Lotze, H. K. (2006). Depletion, Degradation, and Recovery Potential of Estuaries and Coastal Seas. Science, 312(5781), 1806–1809. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128035

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McArthur, L. C., & Boland, J. W. (2006). The economic contribution of seagrass to secondary production in South Australia. Ecological Modelling, 196(1–2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.030

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Pinto, R., Patrício, J., Neto, J. M., Salas, F., & Marques, J. C. (2010). Assessing estuarine quality under the ecosystem services scope: Ecological and socioeconomic aspects. Ecological Complexity, 7(3), 389–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.05.001

Rahman, S. A., & Yaakub, S. M. (2020). Socio-economic valuation of seagrass meadows in the Pulai River Estuary, Peninsular Malaysia, through a wellbeing lens. Marine and Freshwater Research, 71(8), 877. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19208

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Sediment Ecosystems

Ariza, E., Ballester, R., Rigall-I-Torrent, R., Saló, A., Roca, E., Villares, M., Jiménez, J. A., & Sardá, R. (2012). On the relationship between quality, users’ perception and economic valuation in NW Mediterranean beaches. Ocean and Coastal Management, 63, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.04.002

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Cesar, H. S. J., Öhman, M. C., Espeut, P., & Honkanen, M. (2000). Economic Valuation of an Integrated Terrestrial and Marine Protected Area: Jamaica’s Portland Bight. In Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs (pp. 203–214). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236628219

Chan, F., Barth, J. A., Lubchenco, J., Kirincich, A., Weeks, H., Peterson, W. T., & Menge, B. A. (2008). Emergence of anoxia in the California current large marine ecosystem. In Science (Vol. 319, Issue 5865, p. 920). American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149016

De Wit, R., Rey-Valette, H., Balavoine, J., Ouisse, V., & Lifran, R. (2017). Restoration ecology of coastal lagoons: new methods for the prediction of ecological trajectories and economic valuation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27(1), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2601

Grigalunas, T. A., & Opaluch, J. J. (1989). Managing contaminated marine sediments. Economic considerations. Marine Policy, 13(4), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-597X(89)90017-1

Hanley, N., Hynes, S., Patterson, D., & Jobstvogt, N. (2015). Economic Valuation of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Is it currently fit for purpose? Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1014

Harrington, J., Murphy, J., Coleman, M., Jordan, D., Debuigne, T., & Szacsuri, G. (2016). Economic modelling of the management of dredged marine sediments. Geology, Geophysics & Environment, 42(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2016.42.3.311

Huang, J. C., Poor, P. J., & Zhao, M. Q. (2007). Economic valuation of beach erosion control. Marine Resource Economics, 22(3), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.22.3.42629556

Laing, S., Schleyer, M., & Turpie, J. (2020). Ecosystem service values of sediment generation and entrapment by marginal coral reefs at Sodwana Bay, South Africa. African Journal of Marine Science, 42(2), 199–207. https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2020.1771415

Lee, J. (2015). Economic valuation of marine litter and microplastic pollution in the marine environment: An initial assessment of the case of the United Kingdom Growth Strategies of Sub-Saharan Africa View project Economic valuation of marine litter and microplastic pol. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283680054

Marzetti, S., Disegna, M., Koutrakis, E., Sapounidis, A., Marin, V., Martino, S., Roussel, S., Rey-Valette, H., & Paoli, C. (2016). Visitors’ awareness of ICZM and WTP for beach preservation in four European Mediterranean regions. Marine Policy, 63, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.10.005

McLeod, I. M., Boström-Einarsson, L., Creighton, C., D’Anastasi, B., Diggles, B., Dwyer, P. G., Firby, L., Le Port, A., Luongo, A., Martínez-Baena, F., McOrrie, S., Heller-Wagner, G., & Gillies, C. L. (2019). Habitat value of Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) reefs on soft sediments. Marine and Freshwater Research, 126(March), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18197

Sagebiel, J., Schwartz, C., Rhozyel, M., Rajmis, S., & Hirschfeld, J. (2016). Economic valuation of Baltic marine ecosystem services: Blind spots and limited consistency. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 73(4), 991–1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv264

Sparrevik, M., & Breedveld, G. D. (2007). From Ecological Risk Assessments to Risk Governance. Evaluation of the Norwegian Management System for Contaminated Sediments. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, preprint(2009), 1. https://doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-049.1

Sutinen, J. G., Clay, P., Dyer, C. L., Edwards, S. F., Gates, J., Grigalunas, T. A., Hennessey, T., Juda, L., Kitts, A. W., Logan, P. N., Poggie, J. J., Rountree, B. P., Steinback, S. R., Thunberg, E. M., Upton, H. F., & Walden, J. B. (2005). 3 A framework for monitoring and assessing socioeconomics and governance of large marine ecosystems. In Large Marine Ecosystems (Vol. 13, Issue C, pp. 27–81). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0461(05)80027-8

Walker, T. R., Maclean, B., Appleton, R., Mcmillan, S., & Miles, M. (2013). Cost-Effective Sediment Dredge Disposal Options for Small Craft Harbors in Canada. Remediation, 23(4), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21371

Wesławski, J. M., Andrulewicz, E., Kotwicki, L., Kuzebski, E., Lewandowski, A., Linkowski, T., Massel, S. R., Musielak, S., Olańczuk-Neyman, K., Pempkowiak, J., Piekarek-Jankowska, H., Radziejewska, T., Rózyński, G., Sagan, I., Skóra, K. E., Szefler, K., Urbański, J., Witek, Z., Wołowicz, M., … Zarzycki, T. (2006). Basis for a valuation of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea: Rationale and quest for tools. In Oceanologia (Vol. 48, Issue 1, pp. 145–167). -. http://www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia/

Open Ocean Ecosystems

Alkalay, R., Pasternak, G., & Zask, A. (2007). Clean-coast index-A new approach for beach cleanliness assessment. Ocean and Coastal Management, 50(5–6), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.10.002

Bartkowski, B., Lienhoop, N., & Hansjürgens, B. (2015). Capturing the complexity of biodiversity: A critical review of economic valuation studies of biological diversity. Ecological Economics, 113, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.02.023

Beaumont, N. J., Austen, M. C., Mangi, S. C., & Townsend, M. (2008). Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(3), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.013

Berman, M. (2006). Modeling spatial choice in ocean fisheries. Marine Resource Economics, 21(4), 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.21.4.42629522

Börger, T., Beaumont, N. J., Pendleton, L., Boyle, K. J., Cooper, P., Fletcher, S., Haab, T., Hanemann, M., Hooper, T. L., Hussain, S. S., Portela, R., Stithou, M., Stockill, J., Taylor, T., & Austen, M. C. (2014). Incorporating ecosystem services in marine planning: The role of valuation. Marine Policy, 46, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.01.019

Fisher, A., Hanemann, M., Harte, J., & Ellis, G. (n.d.). Economic Valuation of Aquatic Ecosystems Asian Energy Security View project Alpine-Treeline Warming Experiment View project. Retrieved August 17, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267681070

Galparsoro, I., Borja, A., & Uyarra, M. C. (2014). Mapping ecosystem services provided by benthic habitats in the European North Atlantic Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1(JUL), 23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2014.00023

Gibbs, M. T. (2015). Coastal climate risk and adaptation studies: The importance of understanding different classes of problem. Ocean and Coastal Management, 103, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.10.018

Gobin, C., & Da Fonseca, G. A. B. (2014). Deep-sea protection: Coordinate efforts. In Science (Vol. 344, Issue 6190, p. 1352). American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.344.6190.1352

Kildow, J. T., & McIlgorm, A. (2010). The importance of estimating the contribution of the oceans to national economies. Marine Policy, 34(3), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.08.006

Ledoux, L., & Turner, R. K. (2002). Valuing ocean and coastal resources: A review of practical examples and issues for further action. Ocean and Coastal Management, 45(9–10), 583–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00088-1

Ledoux, L., & Turner, R. K. (2002). Valuing ocean and coastal resources: A review of practical examples and issues for further action. Ocean and Coastal Management, 45(9–10), 583–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00088-1

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