Appendix 6.6 Examples of characteristic ocean economic activities.
Note: Tables 38 and 39 are sources for Table 40, which is summarized in the main text in Table 14.
Table 38. Ocean-related ISIC codes. Adapted from Wang, 2016.
Sector | ISIC Code | Description | Ocean share |
Fishing/aquaculture | 0311 | Marine fishing | Full |
0321 | Marine aquaculture | Full | |
1020 | Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs | Full | |
Offshore oil and gas | 0610 | Extraction of crude petroleum | Partial |
0620 | Extraction of natural gas | Partial | |
0910 | Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction | Partial | |
Boat and Ship Building, Maintenance and Repair | 3011 | Building of ships and floating structures | Full |
3012 | Building of pleasure and sporting boats | Full | |
3315 | Repair of transport equipment, except motor vehicles | Partial | |
Marine renewable energy and distribution | 3510 | Electric power generation, transmission | Partial |
Marine construction | 4290 | Construction of other civil engineering projects | Partial |
4311 | Demolition | Partial | |
4312 | Site preparation | Partial | |
4321 | Electrical installation | Partial | |
4322 | Plumbing, heat and air-conditioning installation | Partial | |
4329 | Other construction installation | Partial | |
4390 | Other specialized construction activities | Partial | |
Marine transportation | 5011 | Sea and coastal passenger water transport | Full |
5012 | Sea and coastal freight water transport | Full | |
5210 | Warehousing and storage | Partial | |
5222 | Service activities incidental to water transportation | Partial | |
5224 | Cargo handling | Partial | |
5229 | Other transportation support activities | Partial | |
4930 | Transport via pipeline | Partial | |
Marine tourism | 5510 | Short term accommodation activities | Partial |
5520 | Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks | Partial | |
5590 | Other accommodation | Partial | |
5610 | Restaurants and mobile food service activities | Partial | |
5621 | Event catering | Partial | |
5629 | Other food service activities | Partial | |
5630 | Beverage serving activities | Partial | |
7911 | Travel agency activities | Partial | |
7912 | Tour operator activities | Partial | |
7990 | Other reservation service and related activities | Partial | |
9102 | Museums activities and operation of historical sites and buildings | Partial | |
9103 | Botanical and zoological gardens and nature reserves activities | Partial | |
9312 | Activities of sports clubs | Partial | |
9321 | Other sports activities | Partial | |
9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities n.e.c. | Partial | |
Marine research and education | 7210 | Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering | Partial |
8521 | General secondary education | Partial | |
8522 | Technical and vocational secondary education | Partial | |
8530 | Higher education | Partial | |
8541 | Sports and physical education | Partial | |
8549 | Other education n.e.c. | Partial |
Table 39 below shows the industries that have been identified as part of the “ocean economy” by 25 nations and international organisations in either their current statistical systems or in their “blue economy” or similar plans. The table also shows the percentage of mentions for that industry across all the reports examined. The names of the industries represent combinations of similarly designated industries.
Table 39. Illustrative characteristic industries of the ocean economy (% of times mentioned; n=25). Source: Colgan (2018).
Commercial fishing (96%) | Marine Electric Power Industry (72%) | Ocean-related Services (32%) | Petroleum Oriented Supply Industry (8%) | LPG Processing (4%) |
Offshore oil and gas (92%) | Marine environmental protection (60%) | Marine equipment industry (32%) | Marine Equipment Retailing (8%) | Boat Building (4%) |
Coastal tourism (92%) | Marine Biomedicine Industry (56%) | Marine Salt Industry (28%) | Ports (8%) | Recreational Fishing (4%) |
Marine transportation (92%) | Marine Environment Monitoring and Prediction (60%) | Marine Geologic Exploration (24%) | Search and Navigation Equipment (8%) | Transport Services (4%) |
Shipbuilding industry (84%) | Marine Education (52%) | Marine Agriculture, Forestry Industry (20%) | Marine Chemical Industry (8%) | Biotechnology (4%) |
Marine engineering (84%) | Marine Insurance (40%) | Marine Construction (16%) | Marine social and international organizations (8%) | Government (4%) |
Marine science research (80%) | Marine Technology Services (40%) | Extraction of Aggregates (12%) | Marine/Environmental Consulting (8%) | Waste Management Services (4%) |
Ocean mining industry (76%) | Marine Information Services (36%) | Cruise Tourism (12%) | Ocean-related materials (8%) | Surveying and Mapping (4%) |
Marine Management/Pub Admin/Defense (76%) | Seafood processing (32%) | Marine Wholesale and Retail Industry (12%) | Seabed Mining (4%) | Renewable Energy (1%) |
Aquaculture (72%) | Seawater Utilization Industry (32%) | Seafood Supply (8%) | Refineries (4%) | Cordage (1%) |
Table 40. Ocean-related ISIC codes (expanded with Colgan, 2018). Note: Activities included in Colgan not classified here due to generality include Marine technology services, Ocean-related services, Ocean-related materials, Biotechnology.
Sector | ISIC Code | Description | Ocean share | Notes |
Ocean-related hunting (walrus,seals) | 0170 | Hunting, trapping and related service activities | Partial | Includes land-based catching of sea mammals such as walrus and seal |
Fishing/aquaculture | 0311 | Marine fishing | Full | Includes gathering of other marine organisms and materials: natural pearls, sponges, coral and algae; presume also biomedicines; recreational and subsistence fishing |
0321 | Marine aquaculture | Full |
| |
Offshore oil and gas | 0610 | Extraction of crude petroleum | Partial |
|
0620 | Extraction of natural gas | Partial |
| |
Marine mining and quarrying | 0810 | Quarrying of stone, sand and clay | Partial |
|
0890 | Mining and quarrying n.e.c. | Partial | Includes polymetallic nodules? | |
0893 | Extraction of salt | Full |
| |
Mining support service activities | 0910 | Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction | Partial |
|
0990 | Support activities for other mining and quarrying | Partial |
| |
Marine manufacturing | 1020 | Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and mollusks | Full |
|
1394 | Manufacture of cordage, rope, twine and netting | Partial | Includes fish nets? | |
Marine chemical industry | 2011 | Manufacture of basic chemicals | Partial | Marine chemicals could also be included in other chemical products |
2029 | Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c. | Partial | Marine chemicals could also be included in other chemical products | |
2100 | Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products | Partial | Includes marine biomedicines? | |
Boat and Ship Building, Maintenance and Repair | 3011 | Building of ships and floating structures | Partial | Was full |
3012 | Building of pleasure and sporting boats | Partial | Was full | |
Repair and installation of marine equipment | 3315 | Repair of transport equipment, except motor vehicles | Partial |
|
Marine renewable energy and distribution | 3510 | Electric power generation, transmission and distribution | Partial |
|
Salt water supply | 3600 | Water collection, treatment and supply | Partial | Desalination and water for cooling |
Waste management services | 3700 | Sewerage | Partial | Dumping wastewater to sea |
Marine construction | 4290 | Construction of other civil engineering projects | Partial | Includes ports, harbours |
4311 | Demolition | Partial |
| |
4312 | Site preparation | Partial |
| |
4321 | Electrical installation | Partial |
| |
4322 | Plumbing, heat and air-conditioning installation | Partial |
| |
4329 | Other construction installation | Partial |
| |
4390 | Other specialized construction activities | Partial | Includes ports, harbours | |
Marine equipment wholesale | 4659 | Wholesale of other machinery and equipment | Partial | Includes wholesale of other machinery n.e.c. for use in industry, trade and navigation and other |
Marine equipment retail | 4773 | Other retail sale of new goods in specialized stores | Partial | Includes retail sale of photographic, optical and precision equipment |
Transport via marine pipeline | 4930 | Transport via pipeline | Partial |
|
Marine transportation | 5011 | Sea and coastal passenger water transport | Full |
|
5012 | Sea and coastal freight water transport | Full |
| |
Warehousing and support activities for transportation | 5210 | Warehousing and storage | Partial |
|
5222 | Service activities incidental to water transportation | Partial |
| |
5224 | Cargo handling | Partial |
| |
5229 | Other transportation support activities | Partial |
| |
Marine tourism | 5510 | Short term accommodation activities | Partial |
|
5520 | Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks | Partial |
| |
5590 | Other accommodation | Partial |
| |
Food and beverage service activities | 5610 | Restaurants and mobile food service activities | Partial |
|
5621 | Event catering | Partial |
| |
5629 | Other food service activities | Partial |
| |
5630 | Beverage serving activities | Partial |
| |
Marine information services | 6311 | Data processing, hosting and related activities | Partial | Could include other information services |
Marine insurance | 6512 | Non-life insurance | Partial | Includes marine insurance |
Marine geologic exploration | 7110 | Architectural and engineering activities and related technical consultancy | Partial | Includes geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying; geodetic surveying activities: |
Marine research and education | 7210 | Research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering | Partial |
|
Marine/Environmental Consulting | 7490 | Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c. | Partial |
|
Travel agency, tour operator, reservation service and related activities | 7911 | Travel agency activities | Partial |
|
7912 | Tour operator activities | Partial |
| |
7990 | Other reservation service and related activities | Partial |
| |
Ports (maintenance) | 8130 | Landscape care and maintenance service activities | Partial | Includes ports, harbours |
Public adminstration and defence | 8411 | General public administration | Partial | Includes marine management, environmental monitoring and protection, public administration; National and local government, and NGO specific activities |
8422 | Defence activities | Partial | Coastal activities | |
Education | 8521 | General secondary education | Partial | Why? |
8522 | Technical and vocational secondary education | Partial | Why? | |
8530 | Higher education | Partial |
| |
8541 | Sports and physical education | Partial |
| |
8549 | Other education n.e.c. | Partial |
| |
Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities | 9102 | Museums activities and operation of historical sites and buildings | Partial |
|
9103 | Botanical and zoological gardens and nature reserves activities | Partial |
| |
Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities | 9312 | Activities of sports clubs | Partial |
|
9321 | Other sports activities | Partial |
| |
9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities n.e.c. | Partial |
|
Table 41. Components of the “Blue Economy”. Source: World Bank and United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs, 2017.
Global Ocean Accounts Partnership, 2019